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Seaweed harvesting and seabird fowling were significant economic and food provision strategies along the coasts and small islands of Ireland and Scotland into the 20th century, which have been disrupted for various reasons. Coastal farmers relied primarily on the sea for survival due to limited arable land, which is supplemented with nutrient rich seaweed manure
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Transhumance “is the seasonal movement of people and livestock from one environmental context to another” and buaile[ing] or the shieling system are forms of “seasonal pastoralism” common in Gaelic countries into the 20th century as a vernacular response to the landscape that in turn informed lifeways and material culture (Costello 2020, 1). In most cases,
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Turf or sod were used for seasonal housing, like transhumance shelters or semi-permanent housing for landless labourers, who worked communal lands in exchange for rent Ó Reilly 2011). These structures, which often lacked foundations, did not hold up like stone homes but ‘ethnography indicates a highly developed understanding of natural materials and ecologies, considerable practical
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A common feature in Irish vernacular architecture is the west room, a parlour in the west of the house, opposite the hearth. This room, which was not often utilised, contained well-honed furniture, religious items, representations of deceased and emigrated relations and pieces symbolising important rites of passage (Arensberg 1959). This cold and lonely room, associated
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Holy wells are water sources associated with past or present religious devotion. They may be simple springs or have complex landscapes, including a shelter, a rag tree, an adjacent mass rock, and/or various other natural or man-made features, which serve as stations for ritual interaction. These features and the wells themselves are material culture that





